Shaping is a term used in behavioural psychology and understood by animal trainers of many different species. It is about targeting and rewarding responses, then step by step adding more refinement towards the ultimate desired response. A performing dolphin, for example, is progressively trained to not only leap out of the water, but also to add a couple of somersaults and in tandem with other dolphins doing the same thing. This is impossible without shaping. In my interpretation of shaping as it applies to horse training you should first achieve control of the horse’s legs in terms of obedience (immediate and from a light aid) then train rhythm and then straightness and finally the outline or head carriage. In the end the important thing is the consistency of the responses that arise from the aids. It doesn’t matter whether you train Western, Australian Stock horse or dressage – a well trained horse has consistent outcomes from the aids. This occurs through breaking down all aspects of training to single trainable units then building on them. Each one has to be consolidated on its own. That means repeat and repeat until the horse offers the same response to the aid each time. Then you move up the ladder and train the next quality, consolidate that one and so on and so forth. Eventually you end up with the final outcome.
In a trained horse, it isn’t enough that when you squeeze your legs that the horse goes forward any way he chooses. You have to gradually mould his behaviour by training one aspect of a response at a time. In the earliest stage of training, a horse might go forward with various delays and from only heavy aids. He might be heavy in the hands and running; he might be crooked, with his head high and back hollow, and with a kick out or two and some tail swishing. So the task is to prioritise all the qualities of each response we want and then add them on top of each other, one by one. Step by step training is essential so that the horse himself can learn to repeat the correct responses through many repetitions. When horses give wrong responses, you cannot expect them to know what is right. Only you know that. Training too many things at once places the horse in a dilemma as to what response to offer at a given moment. Sticking to one isolated aspect of a response allows the horse to quickly get the hang of the right answer. It is also essential that we train things in a particular order. Any old order just won’t do. The order we train things is so that one aspect acts as a building block for the establishment of the next.
Gustav Steinbrecht (1808-1885), one of the great luminaries in the German equestrian tradition was adamant about the importance of shaping: He declared that training exercises should not be hurried and should “…all follow one another in such a way that the preceding exercise always constitutes a secure basis for the next one. Violations of this rule will always exert payment later on; not only by a triple loss of time but very frequently by resistances, which for a long time if not forever interfere with the relationship between horse and rider”. Perhaps you should read this a second time. Steinbrecht did not write this as a throw away line. He was absolutely emphatic about this critical aspect of shaping and every behavioural scientist in the world would support his warning. Yet not enough trainers build on training in any logical way. These days, the first thing most of us want to do is to pull the horse’s head in and make it round. This makes no sense when the legs of the horse are not yet under control. Furthermore, forcing lowering of the neck and roundness of the outline is like painting a smile on the face of a miserably depressed person. A horse’s outline should reflect his contentment. When a horse is in true self-carriage in terms of rhythm, straightness contact and impulsion, it tends to become round all by itself. I can still hear Michel Henriquet’s words “The neck and head of the horse are consequences of his legs – it cannot be otherwise”.
In the twentieth century, a fellow by the name of Haungk developed the German training scale. It evolved from the teachings of the Italian master, Caprilli, the French master de la Guérinière, the traditions of the school of Hanover and the teachings of the German masters von Weyrother, Seegar, Seidler and Steinbrecht. The German training scale is a progressive training scale that involves the following steps:
1. Rhythm,
2. Looseness,
3. Contact and acceptance of the bit,
4. Impulsion,
5. Straightness and
6. Collection.
The German training scale is a step forward of major significance in the practical and theoretical development of horse training. After it was finalised in the early twentieth century, the Germans experienced unparalleled Olympic success in dressage and jumping, and a major part of this success must be a result of their systematic approach to training.
Well before the German training scale was published, the Frenchman, Francois Baucher developed his own training scale, which was integral to his “second method”. Unfortunately he had already been to Germany, on invitation, where his first method (a bit of a fizzer compared to his second) was soundly rejected. Louis Seegar and other noted German trainers were not impressed with the great master Baucher. The Germans criticised Baucher’s constant use of the aids, especially the spurs, which they attributed to his loose rein connection. What’s more his horses were too much on the forehand. One of the great steps forward of the evolving German training system was the raising of the horse’s poll which made the movement ‘springy’ especially when combined and developed through half-halts and transitions. Baucher also insisted that all half-halts should involve the rider’s leg before the rein, however Seegar, (Steinbrecht’s instructor) disagreed. When the horse is already forward and the rein aids are trained so as to cause the horse to ‘sit’ then the hand can be used to initiate a half-halt before the leg. However there was another ingredient in the Germans rejection of Baucher. In those days, horse training was largely a practice of the military and the wealthy. Baucher was neither, he came from a working class background and worse still, the circus.
Baucher meanwhile had a very nasty accident while riding in the manège. A giant chandelier fell on him injuring him so severely that he could never ride again in public. He took years to recover. However his injury had a legacy. It gave him time to reflect and experiment with pupils, and sometime later he came up with his second method. This one was far more worthy of a great master, and dealt with the earliest stages of training. However, Baucher never published his second method, and possibly the only written material that provides an accurate description of that method was the description published in 1891 by one of Baucher’s pupils, Francois Faverot de Kerbrech. De Kerbrech described Baucher as a ‘master scientist’ owing to the attention Baucher paid to observation and experimentation. Baucher probably learned some important lessons from his interactions with other great trainers such as Seegar, and certainly his second method bore little resemblance to his first. Baucher adhered to the maxim ‘hands without legs, legs without hands’ and thus avoided the confounding affect of the combination that destroys so many horses today. In addition Baucher seemed to understand the processes of negative reinforcement and the subsequent importance of the release of pressure. He insisted on the importance of in-hand training with the same qualities as under saddle, again something that is rarely seen in today’s dressage trainer’s tool-box. De Kerbrech’s writings suggest that Baucher’s second method incorporated ‘shaping’ responses progressively though adhering to a set of requirements that are arranged in the order of a training scale. These are as follows:
1. To train and adhere to lightness
2. To obtain obedience to the legs
3. To obtain straightness
4. To get the horse used to working without help from the aids
5. To collect and engage the horse.
In the system we have developed that largely arose from experience in retraining, we follow the following shaping programme in foundation training, training and re training:
1. Basic Attempt – the horse is rewarded for any good try that resembles the right response. This applies to horses that do not know or do not offer even a crudely correct response from the aid.
2. Obedience – the horse is made more ‘sharp’ i.e. the response is initiated immediately and completed in three beats of the rhythm of the gait. This results in the transformation of signals from pressure to light aids. Losses of obedience occur at all levels and are associated with most riding behaviour problems.
3. Rhythm – the horse moves in and out of transitions with evenly spaced footfalls in the three beats. Rhythm is self-maintained (i.e. cruise control) and the horse is able to lengthen and shorten the stride in all gaits.
4. Straightness – is essentially a deeper aspect of rhythm. A crooked horse is one where the horse’s legs have unequal drive – i.e. they are not in equal rhythm and drive. A crooked horse therefore tends to drift one way or the other depending on whether it is falling out or falling in, unless it is held on line by the rider. The horse should learn to hold his own straightness.
5. Contact – while the horse is already on a contact all the way through training, he is now in a position where it can be further refined as his legs are now fully under control. This is where final aspects of the outline are developed, depending on the training stage of the horse. In the earlier stages the horse learns to lengthen his neck as his stride lengthens (longitudinal flexion); he then learns to turn with lateral flexion and later learns vertical flexion through the action of ‘inside leg to outside rein’.
6. Engagement – through upward and downward transitions and half transitions the horse learns to lower the hindquarters (sit). If these are maintained in three beats of the rhythm then the horse develops impulsion and power and over time stronger musculature.
7. Proof – This means that responses with all of the above qualities occur anywhere, any time the horse is given the aid. Of course proof is happening all the time in that each training day conditions change. However it is important to note that challenging environments should only be tackled after consolidating good work at home. How the horse copes with the different environments is a direct reflection of the quality and consolidation of the work at home.
In-hand work
Shaping of course doesn’t only apply to work under saddle – it is essential for in-hand training also. From my experience, a horse that is good under saddle but not so good in-hand is a time bomb. Naturally confusions and contradictions in one area of training will eventually infect the other. Ideally, in-hand work should also follow the same training scale as under saddle. A properly trained horse should lead without strong pressure on the lead rein but from a light aid, without rushing or stalling, without crowding the handler (i.e. straight) and with a correct carriage i.e. poll just above the withers. It should also step backwards with the same qualities. It should remain immobile when halted. Some trainers drive horses in long reins to improve various aspects of training. Vince Corvi is one such Australian trainer whose driving skills are highly developed and effective. Driving horses correctly is a real skill and unfortunately most people that do it allow incorrect behaviour and tension to be incorporated into their work.
In-hand training was seen as essential by the nineteenth century German master, E.F. Seidler. Seidler specialised in the rehabilitation and training of the rather wild Polish horses that were used by the German cavalry at Schwedt and later in Hanover. He used in-hand work to correct “spoilt malicious horses who endanger the rider by rearing, bucking, dangerous leaps and other obnoxious tactics……for experience teaches that he who has thoroughly mastered the work in-hand leads a horse within a few months to a higher level of activity than he could by riding even in a longer time period.”
Let the horse make mistakes
Because horse training involves use of the bridle and driving aids, it is tempting to prevent the horse from making mistakes during training. However the making of mistakes is how an animal learns, through reinforcement, what is the right answer and what is not. As I mentioned earlier, training is not and should not be about holding the horse in some kind of wrestling match between the hand and leg, but training him to go on his own. In-hand many horses do not stand still when requested. People then often resort to all sorts of gadgets. Yet all you need to do is to loosen the lead, let him make the mistake of moving and correct him – put him immediately back to where he was, then loosen the lead again. The reason for this is partly that people do not let the horse make mistakes and learn what he should and should not do. Instead they permanently hold the lead rein firmly.
Training is about rewarding ‘every good try’. When training lengthening at walk or trot, people are often afraid to let the horse quicken his tempo, because lengthening is about maintaining the rhythm yet increasing the stride length. The longer strides increase the horse’s body speed without increasing leg speed. Many horses will offer quickening of the legs instead of or as well as lengthening of the stride. At least quickening is half right in that the horse has increased his body speed. If the horse is allowed to quicken yet still sent more forward, he will soon express a longer stride. Then the aids must cease until he loses that longer stride and reapplied to achieve it again. Length will always evolve from speed because fast legs are inefficient in all quadrupeds. It is far easier for an animal to achieve a faster body speed through longer strides than faster ones. Obedient transitions in and out of longer and shorter strides create rhythm.
Why consistency or uniformity?
When training is complete, you want the horse to perform the movement the same way each time you press the button i.e. you want all the elements of the correct response obedience, rhythm, straightness and a consistent outline and with impulsion. All of these things cover complete control of the horse’s entire body. In other words there isn’t a body part left that can do its own thing. Consistency you see, is not only what we as riders desire, it’s good for the horse’s state of mind too. Professor Piet Wiepkema of the Netherlands described consistent outcomes from stimuli as critical to an animal’s mental well being. All animals including humans have evolved to decrease stress when responses to stimuli are consistent, and to increase stress when they are not. Real trust comes about when one animal can ‘read’ another – when a response to a stimulus is predictable. This gives animals (and humans) control and certainty about their environment and resources. In evolutionary terms, it’s a way of weeding out maladapted individuals that develop chronic stress. There’s nothing worse than unpredictability in others to raise your stress levels. Not surprisingly, the more consistent an aid results in a uniform response, the greater the calmness in horses. On the other hand, losses of consistency and uniformity in animals (and people!) result in one or more of the following three states: Aggression, tension or dullness. Aggressive and tense behaviours include increased aggression towards humans and other horses, shying, bucking, rearing and bolting. Chronic conflict states also deeply affect the horse’s physiology and immune status and can result in ulcers, colic, ‘catabolic’ condition (stringy looking poor-doers) and even self mutilation (biting themselves). Good training is good for the horse; bad training can be a death sentence.
Next the Proportional Principle
Originally published in the November 2004 edition of The Horse Magazine