All the horses in the barn get the same amount of feed everyday; it makes feeding time much simpler. The Warmbloods look super. Their weight is good and their coats are gleaming. However, the one Thoroughbred in the barn who came a little thin six months ago has not put on any weight. In fact, he has lost body condition. He is getting grain just like the other horses, so what could be wrong?
A veterinarian has thoroughly examined the horse and nothing appears to be wrong. Could it be as simple as insufficient caloric intake? What kind of changes can be made to his feeding program to encourage gain weight?
Sometimes, getting a thin horse to gain weight is simply a matter of increasing the caloric density of the diet. Other times, the diet may need to be higher in calories because of a medical, psychological or environmental problem. In this second installment of a two part series, strategies for increasing calories in the equine diet will be presented.
What makes a horse a hard keeper or bad doer?
The metabolic rate determines whether a horse is an easy or hard keeper, and the variation between horses can be extreme. Metabolism is the speed at which the body burns fuels for energy in order to maintain normal body functions. A slow metabolism is one that can function on little input of fuel energy. Conversely, a fast metabolism is one that needs a higher caloric intake in order to function properly.
In general, members of certain breeds have faster metabolisms and need more food to maintain body condition than members of other breeds. For example, Thoroughbreds usually eat more per pound of body weight than draft horses. There is also variety within a breed. For instance, some Thoroughbreds are easy keepers while others require intense management to maintain body weight.
Temperament often goes hand in hand with metabolic rate. A nervous horse may require more calories than a calm-tempered one to maintain the same body condition. A tense horse may spend more time stall walking or weaving while the calm horse conserves energy stores.
A thin horse requires energy in the diet to ensure proper functioning of body processes and to build fat stores. Energy is a general term, yet many horsemen associate the word energy with mental energy.
In this article, energy refers to the potential of a feed to fuel body functions and exercise. Weight gain in the horse can be attributed to protein or fat deposition. When a horse does not have enough calories or protein in the diet, the body will break down its own muscle tissue and deplete much of the adipose tissue or fat. This results in emaciation with poor muscle definition and protruding bones. When the diet has excessive calories, the body will build muscle and adipose stores. The simplified solution to poor weight is to increase the caloric content of the diet while ensuring adequate protein content. The three nutrients which can supply energy to increase the caloric content of the diet in the horse are fibre, starch and fat. Each nutrient is utilized for energy in a slightly different way in the body which, depending on the horse, can be advantageous or not.
Fibre
Of the three major energy sources for the horse, fibre is the most important, most underestimated and the safest. Fibre is the major component of grass and hay. Some horses can maintain their weight on fiber sources alone. For the hard keeper, however, fibre alone will not maintain weight, but there are fibre feeding strategies that can increase the ability of the horse to derive energy from fibre.
The fibre portion of a plant consists primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Residing in the intestinal tract of the horse (cecum and colon) are billions of microbes which break down the fibre into a physiological usable form, volatile fatty acids. These volatile fatty acids pass into the bloodstream of the horse where they can be transported to sites which need energy or tucked away as energy stores in the form of adipose tissue or muscle glycogen.
Most of the cellulose and hemicellulose is easily digested by intestinal microbes (digestible fibre), the lignin is not digestible (indigestible fibre). Therefore, as lignin content of a feed increases, digestibility decreases. As digestibility plummets, less energy is available to the horse.
Lignin is the carbohydrate which gives the most structural support to a plant; rigid stalked vegetation will contain more lignin than limp stalked plants. For instance, there is little lignin in the soft leaves of the lucerne plant, but a much higher content of lignin is present in the rigid stem. If there is more leaf and less stem, or if the stems have not matured to become stiff and inflexible, the digestible fiber portion of the hay will be higher.
A young plant harvested prior to maturity will have a lower lignin content than a plant allowed to mature before cutting. Fresh green, spring grass is much higher in digestible fibre than parched summer grass. A horse can draw more energy from a high quality, early harvested hay (whether grass or legume) than a mature hay.
Pasture is also a source of fibre. The digestibility of pasture is usually higher than hay, because the curing process of haymaking results in digestible fibre losses. When comparing the energy content of lucerne and grass hays, lucerne hay can provide a horse with more energy than grass hay of similar quality. On the other hand, a low quality lucerne hay which is composed of more stem than leaf is not a rich source of energy. More energy could be provided with a grass hay that has very little stem and an abundance of visible green grass blades.
Maximizing forage quality should be the first adjustment when trying to achieve weight gain. When quality fibre in the form of pasture or hay is not available, or if the horse does not readily eat hay, there are alternative fibre sources that may add fibre energy to the diet. The most common are wheat bran and lucerne pellets or cubes. If a commercially designed horse feed has legume hulls or legumes, listed as one of the primary ingredients, it will be a good source of highly digestible fibre.
Wheat bran is commonly thought of as a fibre source, but it actually has about the same amount of fibre as oats. Wheat bran is a rich energy source because it is abundant in digestible fibre and starch. Wheat bran contains a large quantity of phosphorus, which can potentially disrupt the calcium and phosphorus ratio in the diet. On the flip side, wheat bran complements a diet high in lucerne hay because of the calcium in the lucerne.
When good quality forage is unavailable or if hay intake is minimal or difficult for a horse, the diet of the horse can be supplemented with lucerne pellets or cubes. Both products are made with lucerne that has been harvested when digestible fibre is at its peak. Thus, lucerne pellets and cubes provide energy to the horse. A word of caution when feeding pellets, some hay should still be fed if possible because of the important laxative effect of long fibre in the diet.
Supplements are available that may help with fibre digestion if the horse has a problem with the balance of the microbes in the cecum or colon. Yeast has been researched and found to improve fibre digestibility. Some commercial feeds come with yeast already added or yeast products are sold which can be top-dressed to the ration.
Probiotics are also thought to help improve fiber digestibility. Because the microbial population in the hindgut can shift out of balance, researchers believe the addition of more bacteria in the form of a probiotic restores bacterial stability, thereby improving digestion of forage. Also, commercial products are available that combine yeast and a probiotic for maximal regeneration and efficiency of the microbial population.
Starch
When a horse cannot maintain weight on hay or grass alone, the addition of starch in the form of grains has been the most traditional method of increasing the energy density of the diet. Obtaining energy from starch is actually more efficient because it is a simple enzymatic process. The end result is having to feed fewer pounds of grain than hay to supply the equivalent amount of energy to the horse.
Grains are an excellent source of starch for the horse, but they can be hazardous to the digestive tract. The starch molecules found in grains are complex polysaccharides which, when attacked by the enzyme amylase in the small intestine, can be broken down to very simple sugars which are easily absorbed into the bloodstream. From there, the sugars in the blood are distributed to where they may be needed by the body for energy or they may be stored as muscle glycogen or adipose tissue for future use.
The limiting factor to starch digestion in the horse is the production of amylase in the intestinal tract. Amylase production has been found to be quite variable among horses. Without sufficient amylase in the intestinal tract, much of the starch in the diet passes through to the large intestine where it is fermented. This is undesirable for two reasons, the amount of energy produced from starch by fermentation is less than the amount produced by enzymatic and excessive fermentation of starch drops the pH of the hindgut which will decrease the efficiency of the bacteria which digests fibre and produces energy.
To further complicate the situation, not all starch molecules are created equal. Studies done in horses have shown that the oat starch molecule is small and easily digested by amylase. On the other hand, the starch molecules of corn and barley are large and not easily digested. If the corn or barley is treated with heat, it changes the nature of the starch molecule and makes it more easily digested by amylase. Therefore, it is better to feed steam rolled or cooked barley and steam flaked or super flaked corn than their untreated counterparts.
The process of pelleting involves heat which results in improved enzymatic digestion of corn. When deciding on a commercial mix for the horse, look for one that uses grains that have been processed to allow for optimal digestion in the small intestine of the horse.
While grain is a concentrated source of energy for the horse, there are some inherent dangers with feeding excessive amounts. When desperately trying to get a difficult horse to gain weight, it is often tempting to keep increasing the amount of grain being fed. Unfortunately, there is a point of no return when a horse gets too much grain in its digestive tract and the delicate balance of the microbial population is thrown off kilter.
At this point, many horses also lose their appetite for forage and the situation worsens. No matter how much grain you feed, the horse will probably lose more weight. The minimal amount of forage a horse requires is 1% of its body weight. Therefore, a 1000 pound horse needs a minimum of five kilos of hay per day in order to maintain a reasonable balance of the microbial population. The rest of the diet should be designed around the minimal forage requirement.
The danger of feeding too much starch occurs because certain horses have a sensitivity to starch overload, perhaps precipitated by low amylase production. The cascade of problems begins with too much grain passing from the small intestine to the cecum and colon.
The starch in the grain is fermented by bacteria. The byproduct of starch fermentation is lactic acid, a substance which alters the pH of the hindgut to be more acidic. The acidic environment kills the bacteria. As the bacteria die they produce endotoxins which can cause colic. The endotoxins that pass into the bloodstream can induce laminitis. Horses that suffer starch sensitivity should not be given high grain diets.
As with forage digestion, supplements designed to aid in starch digestion or utilization have been developed. Although there has not been definitive research performed on the benefit of adding enzymes to the diet, the theory is well founded. If amylase is the limiting factor in small intestinal grain digestion, adding amylase to the feed may reduce the amount of grain channeling into the cecum and colon.
Although there are a few feeds and supplements containing enzymes on the market, their efficacy is still questionable. Enzymes are proteins which are sensitive to acidic environments. Such environments denature the enzymes thereby making them inactive. All feed passes through the acidic stomach before reaching the small intestine, so how much enzyme will actually reach the intestine intact and not be denatured? More scientific research is necessary to establish the efficacy of feeding supplemental enzymes.
Supplemental chromium may improve the metabolism of starch. The action of chromium does not have as much to do with aiding digestion as it does with the way the body handles the rise in blood glucose resulting from starch digestion and the consequential rise in insulin. Chromium yeast has been effective in reducing the incidence of chronic founder in some ponies and the incidence of chronic tying up in some horses with intolerance to high grain diets.
Fat
Almost all performance horses have some type of fat added to their diet, whether it is a slug of corn oil, a scoop of rice bran, a handful of linseed or a commercial high fat feed. Traditionally, fat was added to give the coat a healthy shine. However, recent research has brought to light an even better reason for feeding fat products it is an excellent energy source.
Added dietary fat has proven to be an invaluable tool for packing weight on a hard keeper. Advantages of feeding fat as an energy source include: it is more concentrated, energy from fat does not make a horse flighty like energy from grain can do, and horses on high fat diets exhibit more endurance.
There are differences between various fat sources which make one more useful over the other in different circumstances. There are major differences between vegetable fats (oils) and animal fats. The primary disadvantage of feeding animal fats is palatability; oils are much more appealing to the horse, although many commercial animal fats have flavorings added to improve the taste. Corn oil typically has remained the star in palatability studies, but most oils are palatable when offered without corn oil as a choice.
The second obstacle is digestibility. Animal fat is only about 75% digestible while oil is closer to 95%. With small intakes of animal fat the digestibility difference is insignificant, but when higher levels are fed, that portion of indigestible fat can start to play havoc with the balance of microbes in the hindgut. Loose, runny faeces are a sign that improper fat digestion is occurring.
A third obstacle involves the long term maintenance of horses on animal fat. Horses may tire of the flavor and go off of an animal fat product before refusing a vegetable oil. Other common sources of fat include rice bran, linseed, sunflower seeds, full fat soybeans and coconut meal (copra meal). Rice bran is an excellent product for improving body condition of thin horses because it is a good combination of rice oil and highly digestible fiber. Rice bran can be added to the regular grain to increase the caloric density of the ration. Linseed, sunflower seeds and other seeds provide fat in the diet. However, a notable problem does arise when feeding vast amounts of seeds. As quantities of seeds fed increases, consumption will frequently slow sometimes to the point of total refusal. Roasted soybeans are also great in small quantities but will increase the protein percentage of the diet too much if fed in larger amounts.
A high fat diet is an invaluable tool for achieving weight gain in a skinny horse as long as the gastrointestinal tract of the horse will tolerate the fat. Normally horses have no problem digesting fat as long as it is introduced gradually into the diet. The greatest advantage of using fat as an energy source is that it helps to avoid excessive intakes of grain. Dietary fat works best when fed in conjunction with grain and/or highly digestible fiber sources like good quality hay or pasture). Many new feeds are appearing on the market that incorporate high fat levels (> 6%) with high fiber ingredients.
Conclusion
Some horses are metabolically inclined to be hard keepers while others have medical, psychological or environmental reasons for having difficulty in maintaining weight. Increasing the caloric intake of a horse is not problematic if careful attention is paid to the feedstuffs offered to the horse. Manipulation of the amount and variety of energy sources will often achieve the ideal body condition on the hard keeper.
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